If he or she was from ZANLA, then his or her second-in-command was the top-performing ZIPRA candidate, and vice versa. [229][failed verification], Minority ethnic groups include white Zimbabweans, who make up less than 1% of the total population. [55] The Fifth Brigade, a North Korean-trained elite unit that reported directly to the Zimbabwean Prime Minister,[56] entered Matabeleland and massacred thousands of civilians accused of supporting "dissidents". [75] In 2001, The US enacted the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act (ZDERA). The population growth in 1980 was among the highest in Africa at about 3.5 per cent per annum, doubling every 21 years. [156], Following majority rule in early 1980, British Army trainers oversaw the integration of guerrilla fighters into a battalion structure overlaid on the existing Rhodesian armed forces. Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations, from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of international law by its then-government under Robert Mugabe, and from which it withdrew in December 2003. Other government functions at provincial level are carried out by provincial offices of national government departments. It came into effect in 2002 and froze credit to the Zimbabwean government. Shona sculpture has survived through the ages and the modern style is a fusion of African folklore with European influences. At the end of November 2008, some operations at three of Zimbabwe's four major referral hospitals had shut down, along with the Zimbabwe Medical School, and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working. Davies, R. and Sanders, D. (1998). But, it’s a bit more complicated than that. An estimated 3.4 million Zimbabweans, a quarter of the population, had fled abroad by mid-2007. Cecil Rhodes and other early white pioneers like Leander Starr Jameson are buried in these hills at a site named World's View. The semi-presidential system was abolished with the adoption of a new constitution after a referendum in March 2013. [316], Zimbabwe experiences high rates of domestic and sexual violence; the Zimbabwe National Statistics Office shows that rates are increasing. [99] On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed. Other Bantu ethnic groups make up the third largest with 2 to 5%: these are Venda, Tonga, Shangaan, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau, Nambya, Tswana, Xhosa and Lozi. Deforestation and poaching has reduced the amount of wildlife. [70], In 2000, the government pressed ahead with its Fast Track Land Reform programme, a policy involving compulsory land acquisition aimed at redistributing land from the minority white population to the majority black population. ", "Zimbabwe's white farmers start anew in Mozambique", Zimbabwe Profile based on the 2002 Population Census, Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2005–06, http://citypopulation.de/Zimbabwe-Cities.html, "Zimbabwean refugees suffer in Botswana and South Africa", "Displacement ] ] Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Internal displacement in Zimbabwe, "The Many Faces of Displacement: IDPs in Zimbabwe", "Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to assess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina", Mother Tongue: Interviews with Musaemura B. Zimunya and Solomon Mutswairo, "Português vai ser introduzido no ensino secundário no Zimbabué", "Zimbabwe: Português vai ser introduzido no ensino secundário do país - África - Angola Press - ANGOP", "Zimbabwe Celebrates 25 years of Independence", "African theatre – Southern and South Africa | art", "BBC Sport Commonwealth Games 2002 Statistics", "Africa punching above it's [sic] weight in golf", "From Zimbabwe to Hull FC: Masimbaashe Matongo's 'dream' journey is just beginning", "Zimbabwe teenager Judah Mazive signs contract to play rugby in England", "South Africa's Marinos appointed new SANZAR CEO – Super Rugby – Super 18 Rugby and Rugby Championship News, Results and Fixtures from Super XV Rugby", "Supreme Court strikes down repressive media legislation", "Zimbabwe licenses new private newspapers", "independent dailies allowed to resume publishing", International Freedom of Expression Exchange, "Zimbabwe gets first private daily newspaper in years", "Finally, Zimbabwe's 'private' radio station goes on air", "Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index", "Freedom House 2007 Map of Press Freedom: Zimbabwe", "Zimbabwe Scouts celebrate their centenary in a park that Baden-Powell had visited in 1936", "Zimbabwe | History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, & Facts", "Zimbabwe: coping with the cholera outbreak", "Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe", "Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera", "Zimbabwe declares cholera outbreak a national emergency", "Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain", "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations", "Ranking of African Countries By Literacy Rate: Zimbabwe No. Mzilikazi, founder of the Ndebele nation, gave the area its name, meaning 'Bald Heads'. The most recent one began early in 2015 and lasted into 2016. [47] On 21 December 1979, delegations from every major interest represented reached the Lancaster House Agreement, effectively ending the guerrilla war. It was introduced in March 1994 after a nationwide competition to replace "Ishe Komborera Africa" as a distinctly Zimbabwean song. These formations are a feature of south and east tropical Africa from northern South Africa northwards to Sudan. The stone-carved Zimbabwe Bird appears on the national flags and the coats of arms of both Zimbabwe and Rhodesia, as well as on banknotes and coins (first on Rhodesian pound and then Rhodesian dollar). [281], Scouting in the former Rhodesia and Nyasaland started in 1909 when the first Boy Scout troop was registered. Woodland degradation and deforestation, due to population growth, urban expansion and lack of fuel, are major concerns[115] and have led to erosion and land degradation which diminish the amount of fertile soil. The 2012 census lists the total white population at 28,782 (roughly 0.22% of the population), one-tenth of its 1975 estimated size. After the paste has been cooking for several minutes, more cornmeal is added to thicken the paste. [267][268] Former players include now SANZAAR CEO Andy Marinos who made an appearance for South Africa at the Super League World Nines and featured for the Sydney Bulldogs as well as Zimbabwe-born former Scotland rugby union international Scott Gray, who spent time at the Brisbane Broncos. [220][221], The country's Second Science and Technology Policy was launched in June 2012, after being elaborated with UNESCO assistance. Section 4C instructs the Secretary of the Treasury to direct directors at international financial institutions to veto the extension of loans and credit to the Zimbabwean government. [315] Women also made up the majority of low education jobs, such as 70% of the agriculture work force, yet only made up 16.7% and 21% of local authority and managers in the private sector respectively. Put another way, they have fairly regular bit patterns. Britain lifted sanctions on 12 December, and the United Nations on 16 December, before calling on its member states to do likewise on 21 December. Women's Empowerment, Gender Equality and Equity | UN in Zimbabwe", "The persistence of gender inequality in Zimbabwe: factors that impede the advancement of women into leadership positions in primary schools", "National gender profile of agriculture and rural livelihoods: Zimbabwe | FAO", "Why the world must pay attention to violence against women and girls in Zimbabwe", "Violence impedes women participation in politics – NewsDay Zimbabwe", "A Campaign to Make Every Woman Count in Zimbabwe's Next Election", "Life After Mugabe: Women in Zimbabwe Push for Political Power", "Oppressive and liberative: A Zimbabwean woman's reflections on ubuntu", Official Government of Zimbabwe Web Portal, World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zimbabwe, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Southern African Development Coordination Conference, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&oldid=1008580582, English-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1980, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Use South African English from April 2013, All Wikipedia articles written in South African English, Articles containing Northern Ndebele-language text, Articles containing Chichewa-language text, Articles containing Kalanga-language text, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from November 2018, Articles needing additional references from May 2016, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2020, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with failed verification from September 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Articles needing POV-check from December 2020, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee. [208] The sum 31 multiplied by 16 (the 5th term in the series) equals 496, which is a perfect number. [194] In an effort to combat inflation and foster economic growth the Zimbabwean dollar was suspended indefinitely on 12 April 2009.