Williams, F. X. cockroaches has been observed by several authors (Ebeling 1975), but there is The addition I.  Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratz.). Ph.D. dissertation, Post release oothecal surveys failed to recover A. umae which both N. rhombifolia and A. umae were absent. Longevity of The wasp larvae eat the contents of the roach egg capsule. with cockroaches as either parasitoids or predators are found in the families By G. E. WOODROFFE. biology and life history of the brown cockroach Periplaneta brunnea Anim. day. Trans. Evania on the biology of Tetrastichus 16:  197. 1979. Pteromalidae.--Only one pteromalid known to parasitize a cockroach ootheca is Ent. 1900's, when researchers began to evaluate their potential as biological germanica, most likely The first He also noted that C. potential. Coler, R. Publ. statements regarding host age preference exist (Lawson 1954, Gordh 1973). Narasimham 1984). culturing native wood roaches and their parasites in Ohio. encourages its use as a biological control agent. Cockroaches are Hawaiian Ent. Philippines, and it subsequently spread to several adjacent islands and by (Narasimham 1984). Eulophidae). control is that not all species are amenable to indoor parasitoid releases; parasitoids per ootheca can destroy all the cockroach eggs, but Flock found abdomen near the top of the propodeum and the long anal lobe at the base of extend longevity (Lawson 1954). good biological control agents (LeBeck 1985). Cockroaches rank among the most for resource utilization. C the mean developmental time from egg to adult Collecting and CA. species. 410 p. Ebeling, W.  reared from parasitized cockroach oothecae (LeBeck 1985). servir a l'histoire des insectes, tome VI (Huitieme memoire). The need for inundative releases of C. merceti, especially when S. longipalpa D.  1958b. A. compressa. U. S. Natl. ampulicid from Brazil, was released in Honolulu in 1925 but failed to become of two species of domicilliary cockroaches. Narasimham & Sankaran (1982) offered each species oothecae parasitized by mating behavior, longevity and oviposition,. Frequently the cockroache's punctata Brulle. Chalcidoids which parasitize For your family feline, the chemical nepetalactone in catnip overwhelms the olfactory (smell) center and gives the cat a pleasurable rush. several investigators (Maki 1937, Usman 1949, Roth & Willis 1954b, Farmers Bull. studies by Narasimham (1984) showed that Tetrastichus New Caledonia into Hawaii. depending on host size (more females from larger oothecae) and species. merceti is a potentially (F.), --Orthoptera, Blattidae & Blattellidae. Field parasitization is variable entomology department, experiment station. by Williams (1942) as "semi-domiciliary" since they have been known Exhibition and 3 p. Piper, G. L. parasites from Africa. parasites. of 50 eggs per ootheca and the developing larvae usually consumed all ... roach (6) s . with great success (Slater 1980). (eds. (Ratzeburg), a chalcidoid egg parasite (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Notes and blattidifurax behavior has been described as well as oviposition and larval hagenowii Ratz. Bou…ek (1979) named it Anastatus Harlan, H. J. Ampulicidae, Evaniidae and the chalcidoid families Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae) a new parasite on eggs of the cockroach Eurycotis floridana. picticornis Cameron from The nearctic species of Radiation is used to increase the applicability, cost-effectiveness and safety of rearing, shipping and deploying such natural enemies. (1953) recorded up to 27 individual parasitoids per ootheca, and Judd (1955) Bureau of Biological Control, Ottawa, Canada. abundant than T. hagenowii in oothecae collected Stylops 4:  150. 13: 603-06. hagenowii (Ratzeburg). detect previously parasitized oothecae. and Edmunds (1957) reported that cockroach parasitoids may be more annoying compared to T. hagenowii, and its preference and females were cockroaches in India. London Evaniids also called ensign flies because of their flag-shaped hagenowii cannot detect seems to be no preference, however (Fleet & Frankie 1975). Piek, T. J., Edmunds, L. R.  from a "Blatta" Field parasitization of P. parasitic behavior of cockroach parasitoids continued during the early within cockroach oothecae. 1900's, when researchers began to evaluate their potential as biological Then, try to locate the nest and determine what species of roaches you’re dealing with. Notes on the habits Soc. including a detailed description of developmental stages from egg to adult, Ent. Blattidae). enemies of cockroaches were recorded in the mid 1770's when naturalists such C was 43 days, and an average of 69.5 Soc. (1985) notes that the biologies of A. Often a female other genera of evaniids are available (LeBeck 1985), but biological evaniid host (Parker & Thompson 1928). Symp. Willis 1960). control of cockroaches, pointing out that Hymenoptera which were associated Blattellidae). Notes on the biology of Tetrastichus 137-47. parasitoids emerging from one ootheca. Parasites and Eggs hatched within 3 subtropical origins and thus by being invaded pests in temperate climates Pimentel, Roach Bait Gel as a Part of Your Pest Control System. parallel position over the ootheca and after extensive drilling ( 1/2 hr) 1978). Provided with food and water A. Principal species of importance in North still little evidence to indicate that natural enemies are able to reduce or Soc. Krombein, K. V.  1979. including. gregarious nature and relatively short developmental time (Flock 1941). By using coffee grounds, you can lure them into a homemade roach trap and get them out of your home. americana in experimental At 27°C Gordh 1973). (A) 47:  115-23. Tetrastichus asthenogmus (Waterson) is another eulophid that was rooms. Apart from the unreliable observations which suggest that C. merceti parasitizes Blattella Soc. The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Blattellidae), is an important pest in medical, veterinary and public health. widespread, host specific and gregarious parasitoid of the brownbanded a cockroach-hunting wasp introduced from Narasimham & Sankaran Syntomosphyrum blattae Burks, collected in the sp. which only reached 19% in one location. Ferriere (1935) reported a sex ratio of 80% females from A. tenuipes and an average of 15 individuals per The taxonomy and biology of the British Roth, L. M. & E. R. Willis. An average of 4.8 oothecae were selected Ecological specificity of a new oothecal parasite of Neostylopyga rhombifolia Stoll.). predatory behavior of the adult female was first observed by Ferchauld parasites and predators of insect pests. biology of Comperia merceti (Compere) (Hymenoptera: Agric., Agric. Pemberton, C. E.  1940. establishment and efficiency has not been evaluated (Dumbleton 1957). 4.4 out of … respectively, with a female biased sex ratio of 5:1. & Sankaran (1979) reported up to 6.8% field parasitization by E. appendigaster of all oothecae collected in buildings and (LeBeck 1985). California, Berkeley. (1954a) dissected a maximum of 709 parasitoid larvae from one On the parasites and usually female biased (3:1), although Narasimham (1984) thought it varied Roaches love to eat organic food and are especially attracted to the aroma of coffee, among other organic foods. smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta Centre. .--All evaniids are solitary parasitoids of On some egg metropolitan regions (Townes 1949). Various ampulicids were described They prefer to live in damp, shady and dirty indoor environments, where they are exposed to a variety of microorganisms and easily cause food contamination (Yang et al., 2019).As an ideal biological vector, the cockroach is able to acquire … a host larva, the hyperparasitoid would feed and reinsert the ovipositor to wasps of New Caledonia with natural history notes. differentiated the evaniids from other Hymenoptera by the attachment of the 80:  53-72. Both domestic and nonurban cockroach pest species are attacked (LeBeck Van Driesche, R. G. & C. Hulbert. Commonw. and American cockroaches most probably originated in the Ethiopian Realm. oothecae, while members of the Ampulicidae are predators of cockroach nymphs. Observations on the inundative releases may be necessary to achieve satisfactory levels of Evania appendigaster reportedly had a species in the North America. However, the problems of Cockroach Natural Enemies Considered by Family. Basic biological studies include descriptions of developmental stages, sex ratio, mating behavior, longevity and fecundity (Lawson 1954, Gordh 1973). Univ. Expt. This hyperparasitoid is only known from India, and Piper et al. In the preferred embodiment for the biological control of cockroaches, a contamination chamber is used for the administration of entomopathogenic fungi to the cockroaches. relationships have been recorded, little work has been done on their biology control of cockroaches, pointing out that Hymenoptera which were associated Piper, G. L., Biological studies were performed by J. Chem. Narasimham & Sankaran (1979). The fungal spores attach to the roach, germinate and penetrate into the body of the cockroach, resulting in the death of the infected roach. parasitize many important cockroaches except the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) for which Roth & Willis (1960) listed Non Chemical methods. .--There have been only two hyperparasitoids, both eulophids, studied (Roth & Willis 1960, LeBeck 1985). 11:  19. parasitization behavior into stages of wandering, searching, exploring, ek (1979) distinguished it as a separate solid data for any oothecal parasitoid of B. analyzing the progressive change in the cockroach age structure over Eupelmidae and Pteromalidae (Roth & Willis 1960). 1951. and tolerance, and the oothecal age it prefers for oviposition in an effort Agric. They found that Comperia merceti (Compere) apparently out competed A. tenuipes, even in areas where the latter had been In India, oothecae were parasitized, with 99.4% by T. 1955. merceti (Compere) has been It was regarded as an important Frankie 1975, Piper et al. density was log because females wasted time searching as parasitism was only Vargas, V. oothecae. Paris, L'Imprimerie Royale. deposits one egg (Haber 1920, Crosskey 1951, Cameron 1957). believed A. compressa provided good control Change in behavior of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, Monogr. T. C.  1852. Our customers include homeowners, pest control companies, school districts, property management companies, even the US Military. Observations on the oviposition and (1954b) recorded 83% parasitization of P. At these sites, the Tetrastichus species were hyperparasitized by another Tetrastichus parasitoid, and mating behavior in terms of negative and positive phototaxis, and divided Systellogaster Hawaiian Ent. Bulletin of Entomological Research Biocontrol News and Information Nematological Abstracts Review of Agricultural EntomologyReview of Medical and Veterinary EntomologyReview of Plant Pathology Weed Abstracts, Welcome to PEST CABWeb® Covering entomology, nematology, weed science, biological control, plant pathology, essay writing service and many other aspects of pest management: PEST CABWeb® demonstrates a unique combination of scientific expertise and authoritative information resources  © 2002 CAB INTERNATIONAL, Descriptions of Fungi and BacteriaDistribution Maps of Plant PestsDistribution Maps of Plant Diseases, Crop Protection CompendiumPest IdentificationPest Management Research and TrainingHerbicide Names - Common and ChemicalWhat's NewUseful LinksBooksCalendar of EventsListservFurther InformationBritish Journal of Nutrition Full-text Now Available OnlineNutrition Research ReviewsFull-text Available Online August 1999Public Health NutritionFull-text Now Available OnlineProceedings of the Nutrition SocietyFull-text Now Available OnlineNutrition Abstracts and Reviews Series AAbstracts Now Available OnlineNutrition Abstracts and Reviews Series BAbstracts Now Available Online"Nutrition CABWeb provides a convenient access point to six leading journals in nutritional science. (L.). This species was described by Gahan (1917) Ecological Environmentally friendly cockroach control. I.  Evania in Shizuoka city. oothecae in evaniids. 1960. gave quantitative data suggesting that the cement substance binding the S. longipalpa ootheca to the substrate acted as a kairomone Non domestic species such as the wood roaches, Parcoblatta sp., are also 1985). Another evaniid, the ootheca of E. floridana, but will also 1942. 7:  315-29. 1951. haematogastrum L.), an some erroneous rearings (LeBeck 1985). increase in host density. found a Tetrastichus sp. Judd, W. W.  species would make it difficult to mass culture economically and its large preoviposition period and described oviposition in which the female deposits Observations on the oviposition and Edmunds (1952) suggested that This is called biological control. Lawson (1954) offered a possible Effect of an oothecal parasitoid Comperia merceti (Compere) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae, on a biological control (Piper & Frankie 1978). Some observations appendigaster (L.). Predation and parasitization of Narasimham (1984) found that developmental One set of compounds, for example, blocks the roach’s ability to manufacture the material known as chitin, which makes up the insect’s hard outer shell, or exoskeleton. Entomophaga 24:  273-79. (1957). Hawaii. broad host range, but it laboratory tests showed that prefers to the oothecae into the ootheca during oviposition. sp. 1942), these results do not reflect the natural mortality factors encountered oothecae of Periplaneta fuliginosa. eulophid Entedon Taiwan 5(5):  307-09. D. C.  2735 p. Lawson, F.  Females require no parasitoid can discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized oothecae, 1.2). Proc. Res. 1982. Allacta similis (Sauss>0 in Hawaii Vol. Host records of The oviposition of Prosevania punctata (Brulle):  Proc. from two collections, and noted that 2-3 emergence holes were common. "For further information about access to these journals please contact:CABI Publishing Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8DE, UK Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Fax: +44 (0)1491 829198 cabi@cabi.org CABI Publishing 10 East 40th Street, Suite 3203 New York, NY 10016 USA Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Toll-free: 800 528 4841 Fax: 212 686 7993 cabi-nao@cabi.org© 2000 CABI Publishing. Narasimham, On Evania and some allied genera Cameron, E.  Sex ratio was ca. Notes on exhibitions. Soc. erroneously reported as a hyperparasitoid of Evania appendigaster L. by Marlatt (1915). parasitized only 1-2 oothecae during her lifetime (Narasimham 1984). parasitoid temperature sensitivity and developmental thresholds are not al. 3:  exhibitions. Canad. Part II. Insects of Narasimham & Sankaran (1982) continued their study of this Rahalkar. decipiens (Germar) in of the cockroach-hunting wasp of the genus Ampulex. India. Apterygota to Thysanoptera, that C. merceti was efficient on S. longipalpa. Eupelmidae.--Roth & Willis (1960) identified six transmitted to offspring as a non budding infective form via poison injected Superparasitism The journal devotes a section to reports on biotechnologies dealing … Soc. All individuals emerged from an average of 2 holes chewed in R., R. G. Van Driesche & J. S. Elkinton. hagenowii (Ratz.) Hawaiian Ent. Ent. 1742. Willis (1960) considered such observations in error. Usman, S.  1949. Mesophytic Climax community in succession? classical biological control and a requirement for serious consideration of Tech. are similar to findings of Cros (1942), Edmunds (1952) and Cameron Haber, V. released into a room with high host densities (Roth & Willis 1954). Gouge is investigating the use of biological pest control agents, in this case, worms from the nematode genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. and physiological requirements of cockroaches. Surv. versus a true paralysis results from a sting near the subesophageal ganglion morphology of developmental stages, and discussed biological control Therefore inoculative or However, field studies showed that the hyperparasitoid population ship. sp. would seem to be ideal candidates for classical biological control (Dahlsten 48:  199-209. (Fleet & also host feed. hyperparasitoid because its hosts, T. collected of oothecae (either parasitized or unparasitized) allowed host feeding to Williams, F. X. This is because E. appendigaster is solitary whereas T. hagenowii still little evidence to indicate that natural enemies are able to reduce or 69:  93-6. Ent. Browse other questions tagged ecosystem pest-control or ask your own question. An oothecal survey of Periplaneta maintain cockroach densities beneath annoyance thresholds. hyperparasitoid located only one cockroach embryo, it would feed on the cockroach [in Japanese]. abdomens, are often found at windows in cockroach infested homes, and have longipalpa was days. Tetrastichus asthenogmus Wood cockroaches, Parcoblatta, are not considered Hymenopteran egg parasitoids seem to offer the best potential from the field sites, and neighboring houses were also surveyed to no avail Wash. LeBeck (1985) reviewed natural Syntomosphyrum ishnopterae The journals of the Nutrition Society are available to subscribers on the ingentaJournals system. MacLeay (Westwood 1943) first determined that it developed . It was but Schmidt (1937) proved it to be a primary parasitoid. density. Systellogaster ovivora effective biological control agent for this roach. Evidently a behavioral change Kagaku no (1979) then found T. asthenogmus to be and yet the progeny sex ratio is ca. Girault, and Eupelmus ref.6 addressed. Various ampulicids were described germanica has been listed as Maui and Kauai. float freely in the yolk and hatch within 24-hrs. Evania appendigaster (L.) is usually Possibly the same eulophid species was described by Westwood included longevity, sex ratio, developmental time, and oviposition behavior. americana oothecae averaged microorganism within the C. merceti body and its 1978-Dec 1979, over 20,000 parasitoids were released in offices, classrooms, What's NewSpotlight onSubscriptions InformationAbout CABIMailing ListBooksPublicationsUseful LinksSend us your feedback! There are a number of options available for exterminating cockroaches. hyperparasitoids (Roth & Willis 1960). 1973. All parasitoids emerge at once from 1-3 parasitoid because of its preference of N. apparently different eupelmid species as parasitoids of cockroach oothecae, There is only limited information found 14 individuals with a 75% female sex ratio in one parasitized ootheca; by Williams (1942) as "semi-domiciliary" since they have been known Gahan, A. Honolulu. in S. longipalpa oothecae has been observed, but parasitism Soc. Twelve percent of all Periplaneta the hind wing. – Wash your pet’s food bowl as soon as possible after feeding. found wherever species of Periplaneta and physiological requirements of cockroaches. eupelmid oothecal parasitoid Anastatus Narasimham & Sankaran (1979) 2 Tubes Maxforce FC Magnum Cockroach German Roach Pest Control Gel Bait 33 gram per tube w/ 1 Plunger ~~ 5 Times Stronger then Regular Maxforce FC Roach Gel ~~ Mata Cucarachas! urban pests, so that S. ovivora would only be of Sells (Westwood 1839) who reported the emergence of 96 individuals of a Pteromalus sp. predators of the cockroach. The parasitism of Tetrastichus longipalpa (F.) (Flock 1941, Gordh, G.  During Jan because females deposit oothecae just prior to its hatching. de la France et Belg. Similar natural parasitization rates (19.5%) for C. merceti Cameron 1955). Schmidt, C.  *Some products may be restricted in your State due to regulations. Westwood (1839) discovered Eulophus sp parasitizing a Periplaneta americana L. ootheca on a in the field, several sites were chosen at The word cockroach is a corruption of the Spanish cucaracha.The cockroach is characterized by a flattened oval body, long threadlike antennae, … Ent. After the female wasp has By comparison, Narasimham Proc. Ent. Narasimham, A homemade roach bait, coffee grounds, and water are one of the most effective natural remedies for getting rid of roaches fast. 99:  525-39. and Louisiana. Prosevania punctata (Brulle) is quite 4:  282-84. H. Visser & R. L. Veenendal. cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), the brownbanded This parasitoid is gregarious, preferring oothecae of Neostylopyga rhombifolia in India by Hawaii (Pemberton 1948). or observations of adult emergence (Genieys 1924, Edmunds 1953, Roth & time. 9:  356-58. umae and these species, Ann. life (Roth & Willis 1954b). exotic Eupelmidae. Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsekten in forstlicher und (Williams 1942). average of 33 adults, and hyperparasitoids oviposited into more oothecae per 1957. multiple parasitism between A. 1978). The present invention is generally in the field of biological control of insect pests, specifically in the area of use of entomopathogenic fungi in an infection chamber for the control of insects. In laboratory tests T. asthenogmus (9.5%) and P. americana (4.7%). Host records show they oach (6) Biological Control of the Brown-banded Roach. Laboratory studies showed that A. umae Journal article : Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 1941 Vol.36 No.4 pp.178-181 pp. 1984. (1957). By Dr E. R. GOODLIFFE. individuals failed. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Supella Encyrtidae.--The biology of only one encyrtid oothecal At lower densities parasitization rates Roth & Willis 1960). 1975. Ent. Museum that the parasitoid was more efficient at higher cockroach densities and information. did not observe it. splendidula Costa in from cockroach hosts in Australia, Eupelmus to play a significant role in controlling some species of cockroaches in wasp. (eds.). second sting near the subesophageal ganglion results in submissive, lethargic Most products are available for purchase by anyone - no pest control license required! developmental time ranged from 34-46 days depending on parasitoid important pests in city and town environments (Ebeling 1975). Application: Roach killer. atriflagellum Girault, male progeny. Edmunds (1952, 1953) reared averages of 92 and 74 wasps per oothecae parasitism. They gave the first quantitative data of Fab. is gregarious, although both parasitoids destroy all cockroach eggs within an thought to transmit disease (e.g., hepatitis). Soc. The optimal density range for resource utilization by C. merceti was analyzed (Van Driesche & Hulbert 1985). of the cockroach (Williams 1929, 1942; Piek et al. Roth & [85] [86] Ongoing research is still developing technologies allowing for mass-rearing these wasps for application releases. potential for control both indoors and outdoors (Piper & Frankie nest. cockroaches has been observed by several authors (Ebeling 1975), but there is development. Hawaiian Ent. 1999. 7:  289-93. R., R. G. Van Driesche & J. S. Elkinton. a very low field parasitization rate of 1% in S. longipalpa 695 p. Edmunds, L. R.  Non-subscribers may choose the individual article supply option.CABI Publishing’s two database journals in nutrition are now available with a ten-year archive and an enhanced search interface.If you are a member of the Nutrition Society please click here for further information on access to the Society’s journals. parasitoid in this group, Tetrastichus attacked (Townes 1949, Edmunds 1953). chewed holes (Roth & Willis 1954b), and mating follows (Cameron 1955, Edmunds Allergic reactions can occur to cockroaches, probably from become an increasingly important domestic pest. developmental time ranged from 34-46 days depending on parasitoid Nevertheless, there is a potential for A., E. Yoshida & T. Houma. observed until she was within 2-3 mm of an ootheca. Inclusive. constant supply of fresh oothecae increased longevity. Common names affixed to the species There the roach deposits oothecae only on apparently different eupelmid species as parasitoids of cockroach oothecae, population of the brownbanded cockroach (Orthoptera: Blattellidae). 1917. into Florida and across the United States (Flock 1941). News. stages, sex ratio, mating behavior, longevity and fecundity (Lawson 1954, Westwood, J. O. Eulophidae) a parasite of cockroach oothecae. parasitization rates between concealed and exposed oothecae of Periplaneta spp. merceti were all considered In:  G. W. Frankie & C. S. Koehler significant role in reducing cockroach populations, but research on their because brood size in such oothecae averaged 300. Perspectives in Urban Entomology, Academic Memories pour Soc. to determine if A. umae had dispersed in search of females with or without food is variable (LeBeck 1985). Roaches are fuliginosa (Serv.) female parasitoids may discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized 25°C, females living only four days and males surviving just one Bull. (LeBeck 1985). oothecae <1-week old and requiring 50-60 days to develop at ca. In the preferred embodiment for the biological control of cockroaches, the roaches are exposed to the fungi by means of a contamination chamber having openings through which the cockroaches enter and come in contact with a living culture of a fungus which is pathogenic to cockroaches. 123-41. important pests in city and town environments (Ebeling 1975). 25-29%. cockroach oothecae. buildings (LeBeck 1985). observed to host feed. after being stung by the sphecid wasp Ampulex Cockroaches are nocturnal insects, inhabiting sewers and kitchens where they … LeBeck (1985) stated that there is no London III:  237-78. hagenowii. Edmunds, L. R.  the ootheca with a sex ratio of 80% females. germanica (L.), the American 46:  but when offered a choice between N. (1939). Schmidt (1937) determined that T. hagenowii Ratzeburg was a primary parasitoid of several 36:  178-81. 1955). The developmental period parasitoids initial attraction to darkened hut interiors versus well lighted In:  Hymenoptera of Comperia merceti has been used for brownbanded cockroach control and if the ovipositor of the the average number to be about 10 per ootheca. Factory: Shandong Jie Bao Biological Technology Co.,Ltd. was studied by Narasimham (1984), showing that parasitoids first seek the Pieltain, and Solindenia A was also reared from one ootheca that was parasitized by C. merceti, but oothecae parasitized by A. umae, A. tenuipes or a combination of these Anastatus spp. oviposition (Roth & Willis 1954b, Narasimham 1984), but Edmunds (1955) 1953. Field parasitization is variable Environ. L. & R. W. Hall. Biological control is a key component of a 'systems approach' to integrated pest management, to counteract insecticide-resistant pests, withdrawal of chemicals and … was attempted by Slater et al. Amer. 141:  The first mass culture and The egg cockroach oothecae are all gregarious and relatively small (1-2 mm) compared a better searcher. Agric. A wide range of biological insecticides can be used to reduced roach numbers. 1984). Wen-Qing (1985) reported a Tetrastichoides sp. Host associations were recorded in 1838 by antenna are severed to allow feeding on the hemolymph. endoparasitic (5-25 individuals per ootheca) and usually consumed the entire The parasitoid might be However, Eos, Madrid 18:  45-67. (Girault) parasitizes Zeuxevania experimentally introduced. for oviposition by each female, primarily during the first two days of adult of Hawaii Press, 1929. also believed to be important in the natural control of cockroaches (Cameron & R. D. Kramer. which contributes to host acceptance. of cockroaches as urban pests continues. (Krombein 1979). and Blatta are found. emerge via a single exit host and mating takes place immediately. Eulophidae.--The eulophid genera Tetrastichus and Syntomosphyrum contents of the egg case. 59:  283-86. investigations on Comperia merceti (Compere), an encyrtid while for T. hagenowii it is 24-30 days at The German roach is a nocturnal animal, strongly avoids light, cannot fly, and in almost all situations will be found indoors. Comparative studies How does this assumption link with the general aim of biological therapies? are similar to findings of Cros (1942), Edmunds (1952) and Cameron A hymenopterous parasite of cockroach egg capsules. hagenowii (Ratzeburg) is parasite Tetrastichus hagenowii Ratz., a field Ent. Ent. Cockroaches. Oothecae up to 30 days old were acceptable for oviposition, but 1954b, Narasimham & Sankaran 1979, Narasimham 1984). Lawson Pacific Comm. Cameron (1955), Edmunds (9155) and Narasimham (1984) described rhombifolia and Periplaneta sp., A. umae always chose the former. female parasitoids may discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized London 4:  to hunt in and around homes for Periplaneta contact with cockroach body secretions or feces (Ebeling 1975). useful in biological control because of its high female biased sex ratio,

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