The purpose of such a comparison is to express the amount or degree of the designated property in the “other “material as a fraction or multiple of the amount or degree of the property contained in the standard. Since these idealized conditions are unobtainable in practice, the volume of distribution of a drug can only be approximated using experimental data. Peptides in the plasma that stimulate cellular growth and have insulin-like activity. Pharmacodynamics, which in common usage is usually termed “pharmacology”, is concerned with the study of drug effects and how they are produced. Substance that interacts with tissues to produce most of the symptoms of allergy. This part of pharmacology, the scientific knowledge of remedial agents, forms the theoretical foundation for therapeutics…” H.H.Meter and R. Gottlieb, Experimental Pharmacology as a Basis for Therapeutics: A Textbook for Students and Physicians, 1910 (trans. Polypeptide substance synthesized by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland that regulates water balance in the body by altering urine volume at the collecting ducts. Every subject is sensitive to a drug; the question of importance is “how sensitive?” In any event sensitivity is a property ascribed to the organism; potency is a property ascribed to the drug. Minimizing or stopping the response to tissue injury by reducing the pain, localized swelling, and chemical substances released at the site of injury. Drug-induced confusion that can cause increased drug consumption. The pressure of the blood within the arteries; depends primarily on the cardiac output and the peripheral resistance. Computed as D/C0 for a one-compartment system, i.e. Percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed. Drugs may be used prophylactically to prevent disease or to diminish the severity of a disease should it occur subsequent to or during treatment; with a fine disregard for precision of definition, such a use of drugs is commonly called “prophylactic therapy”. Substance that relaxes the muscles (sphincters) controlling blood vessels, leading to increased blood flow. Enzyme that inactivates norepinephrine and serotonin. Drug produced by a chemical process outside the body. Refers to the action of an adrenergic drug or an action that increases sympathetic activity. An abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. A patient would be considered abnormally sensitive to aspirin if a small fraction of the normal analgesic dose gave adequate pain relief; or, were an abnormally large dose of aspirin required to afford pain relief, the subject would be said to be “insensitive” to aspirin. If, with increasing doses of material, a time-concentration curve and a dose-effect curve cannot be demonstrated, one cannot conclude that the material is responsible for the effects observed. How to use pharmacology in a sentence. Passage of a drug from the blood to the tissues and organs of the body. Life-threatening; refers to growth of a cancerous tumor. Drug that has the potential for abuse and thus is regulated by law. The pharmacologist also investigates those factors that modify the effects of drugs, i.e. Pharmacokinetics: that is what is your body do to the drug. Class of drugs used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders. Hormones (triiodothyronine and thyroxine, respectively) synthesized and released by the thyroid gland. with greater affinity) to the active state, and by mass action shift the conformational equilibrium such that a greater proportion of receptors are in the active R* conformation. Abnormally low level of potassium ions circulating in the blood; low serum potassium; decrease in the normal concentration of potassium in the blood. Extra heartbeat, a type of cardiac arrhythmia. Action that causes the decomposition or destruction of proteins. Absorption of drug (substance) through the skin, usually associated with the application of drug-loaded patches. • Medical Pharmacology: Branch of Pharmacology … But the hyperbolic relationship never approaches the axes as asymptotes; there is always a concentration below which the drug is ineffective, regardless of the duration of exposure of the tissue to the drug, and there is always a finite interval between the time of exposure to the drug and the time the response occurs. Following drug prescription directions exactly as written. Please enter username and password bellow! The capacity or propensity of a drug to affect one cell population in preference to others, i.e., the ability of a drug to affect one kind of cell, and produce effects, in doses lower than those required to affect other cells. Thyroid-releasing hormone, secreted by the hypothalamus. Pharmacology: The study of drugs, their sources, their nature, and their properties.Pharmacology is the study of the body's reaction to drugs. Disease of severe symptoms, which could be fatal if left untreated. If one knew the mass (dose) of drug administered and the average concentration of the drug in the body, the apparent volume into which the drug had been dissolved could be determined from the relationship or definition: concentration = mass/volume. “A medicine or preparation with no inherent pertinent pharmacologic activity that is effective only by virtue of the factor of suggestion attendant upon its administration.” A placebo is frequently used as a negative control in a blind experiment to prevent results from being confounded by the effect of suggestion. Polypeptide substance released within the brain that has specific functions during and after pregnancy, specifically relating to the uterus and the mammary glands. Substances that are required for critical body function to sustain life and are not produced by the body. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Drug that abolishes the response to pain by depressing the central nervous system (CNS) and producing loss of consciousness. Start studying Definitions & Basic Principles of Pharmacology. Movement disorder of the basal ganglia caused by a deficiency of dopamine. Enzyme that digests protein in the stomach. A measure of hydration status; the amount of solute (ions, salts) per liter of solution (blood, plasma). Pharmacology has two major branches: Pharmacokinetics – This describes the activities or drug’s actions as it moves through the body. The “half-life” of a drug; the amount of time required for the concentration of a drug in, e.g., a body fluid such as plasma, serum, or blood, to be halved. Clot formed by the action of coagulation factors and circulating blood cells. In practice, it is useful to know how long it takes for Cmaxto reach some specified level with respect to Css,max, i.e., how long it takes for Cmax/Css,max to reach, say, 0.95. Choose from 500 different sets of basic pharmacology test 1 flashcards on Quizlet. Seizure originating in one area of the brain that may spread to other areas. Form of general anesthesia in which patients do not appear to be unconscious. Cell death, due to either programmed cell death or other physiological events. Cf. The volume, in an organism, throughout which a drug appears to have been distributed; the volume into which a drug appears to have been dissolved after administration to an organism. To help study terms for test. Bacteria that retain only the purple stain in a gram stain. Stands for continuous erythropoietin receptor activator. Intrinsic Activity, Affinity, Antagonism. Tolerance can result from multiple mechanisms, including changes in drug metabolism and alteration in the number or responsiveness of receptors (see desensitization). The amount of blood pumped per minute by the heart. When monotonicity of a dose-effect curve does not obtain, one may infer that the system under study is not unique or singular: either more than one active agent or more than one effect is under study. The N.F. Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that form a solid mass; also called a neoplasm. Two to ten years before complete cessation of a menstrual period. Form of hypertension in which the cause is known. Hormone released by the alpha cells of the pancreas to increase plasma glucose concentration. Condition, also called delayed gastric emptying, in which the stomach muscles do not function properly. Drug-induced involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, tongue, and extremities. CNS depressant drug possessing the barbituric acid ring structure. Ability to stimulate and increase immune function. Choose your answer to the question and click 'Continue' to see how you did. Pharmacogenetics involves identification and description of such patterns, discriminating them from non-heritable patterns, and elucidation of the mechanism of inheritance. Narrowing of small arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. Part of the nervous system that is outside the central nervous system (the brain or spinal cord), usually near the surface of the tissue fibers or skin. Summary. CNS disorder characterized by uncontrolled nerve cell discharges and manifested by recurring, spontaneous seizures of any type. An expression of the activity of a drug, in terms of the concentration or amount needed to produce a defined effect; an imprecise term that should always be further defined (see EC50, ED50). Drug Action Across the Life Span 4. The idealized state is most closely approximated when the drug is given rapidly intravenously, and blood samples for chemical analysis of their drug content are taken at short intervals, beginning very soon after the time of drug administration. Cell in the blood, commonly called a platelet, that is necessary for coagulation. Knowing the expected value of Css,max and the fractional achievement desired, e.g. Tolerance typically develops over days to weeks, and is distinguished from tachyphylaxis, a more rapid decline in the effect of a drug. Learn basic pharmacology test 1 with free interactive flashcards. The curves approach some maximum value as an asymptote, and the asymptote is a measure of the intrinsic activity (q.v.) When the action resulting from a combination of drugs is greater than the sum of their individual drug effects. This open access Nursing Pharmacology textbook is designed for entry-level undergraduate nursing students. Washing with fluids or flushing of a cavity such as the stomach. Cf. An older but more specific term for the cholinergic receptor on smooth and cardiac muscle. Network of nerve fibers that travel throughout the central nervous system that regulates the level of wakefulness. Positive Control Drug, Dummy, Placebo, Bioassay, Cross-Over Experiment. Produces adequate anesthesia with minimal side effects. This is the first course module in the pharmacology series. A change in the cell membrane potential that makes the inside of the cell even more negative, so it can’t respond to stimulation. Process of removal of waste material from the bowel. An abnormally low number of neutrophils (white blood cells). A type of proarrhythmia that causes ventricular tachycardia and fainting. To help study terms for test. Undesirable drug effect that implies drug poisoning; can be very harmful or life-threatening. The likelihood that harm will result from exposure to a hazard. Drug that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and dilates the lower respiratory passages. Steroid produced within the adrenal cortex that directly influences sodium and potassium metabolism. Period when cancer cells are not increasing in number. Needless to say, it is assumed for proper interpretation of C0, that the drug as measured in the plasma is identical to the agent that was administered, and that the drug underwent no chemical alteration in the course of administration, absorption, or distribution. Agonists bind preferentially (i.e. Intermediary kind of male germ cell in the production of spermatozoa. Originating or produced outside the organism or body; originating outside the body, or administered into the body from outside. The situation in patients whose treatment involves multiple drug prescriptions. is recognized by the F.D.A. Synthesized T4 must be converted to T3 to be utilized by the cell. The two major branches of pharmacology are: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. BASIC PHARMACOLOGY • Definition: Pharmacology is a subject of medical science which deals with the study of drugs or medicine that interact with the living system through chemical processes, specially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting body process. Pain resulting from a damaged nervous system or damaged nerve cells. The ability to start or accelerate the deposition of fats and calcium in the walls of arteries, called atherosclerosis. An antigen-presenting white blood cell that is found in the skin, mucosa, and lymphoid tissues and that initiates a primary immune response. Condition in which the body develops a severe allergic response; this is a medical emergency. Area of the heart from which abnormal impulses originate. Lack of responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy. If the same work were reviewed by two graders, would they both assign the same mark? Protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to all tissues of the body. Uppermost layers of the cerebrum involved in sensory perception, voluntary motor control, and all higher intellectual abilities. A substance secreted by T cells that signals other immune cells like macrophages to aggregate. Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A chronic neurobiologic disease in which genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors induce changes in the individual’s behavior to compulsively use drugs despite the harm that may result. Process that converts or incorporates nutritional substances into tissue; usually associated with conversion of proteins into muscle mass. See more. Obviously, legitimate and valid interpretation of calculated volume of distribution depends on the degree to which experimental facts are in concordance with the assumption given above. Learn basic pharmacology with free interactive flashcards. Basic Pharmacology, Third Edition aims to present accounts of drug actions and their mechanisms in a compact, inexpensive, and updated form, and explain the basis of the therapeutic exploitation of drugs. Return of the electric potential across a cell membrane to its resting state following depolarization. Refers to the action of an adrenergic blocking drug or an action that decreases sympathetic activity. A substance capable of producing an allergic reaction. First, the deviation of each observed value of output from the corresponding predicted value is squared; predicted values are determined from the curve relating input and output for all the data. Chronic condition caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), in which individuals are extremely thirsty and produce very large amounts of pale urine. Cholinergic receptor at the autonomic ganglia; cholinergic receptor located on both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. Refers to nerves of the ANS that originate in the brain and sacral portion of the spinal cord; they are active when the body is at rest or trying to restore body energy and function. Lower part of the brainstem that controls cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory functions. A molecule that contains a protein and a lipid (fat). Excessive urine production; increased urination. Sudden death of an area of heart muscle, commonly referred to as a heart attack. Use of antibiotics to prevent infection, usually before a surgical procedure or in patients at risk for infection. Application Process for Students Invited to Apply for NIGMS T32 BioMolecular Pharmacology Appointments, Student Handbook / NRSA & Fellowship Guidelines/ Scientific Meetings, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Simulators, ORI – Introduction to the Responsible Conduct of Research, Rigor and Reproducibility of Scientific Research, A Brief History of Great Discoveries in Pharmacology; Ronald Rubin. Basic Principles of Pharmacology. Recording of the electrical activity of the heart. “Experimental pharmacology, in the broadest sense, deals with the reactions of living organisms to chemical agents, or, to put the matter in another way, the behavior of organisms to changes in the chemical environment in which they live. Specialized cardiac tissue that transmits electrical impulses and regulates the activity of the heart. Neuropeptides produced within the CNS that interact with opioid receptors to produce analgesia. Process in which water moves across membranes following the movement of sodium ions. Encourage their use (“the value of a Pharmacopoeia depends upon the fidelity with which it conforms to the best state of medical knowledge of the day. An abnormal decrease (less than normal) in the number of circulating white blood cells; condition in which the total number of white blood cells circulating in the blood is less than normal. Also called nerve block; the injection of a local anesthetic near the nerve root. A drug that reduces the level of fats in the blood. Risk is calculated by dividing the number of subjects who experience an event by the number of subjects in the population at risk. Increase in the amount of drugmetabolizing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs. The different types of drugs formulations and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Dryness of the oral cavity resulting from inhibition of the natural moistening action of salivary gland secretions or increased secretion of salivary mucus, rather than serous material. Capable of producing minor irritation or lesions to an integral break in the mucosal lining (ulcer). A treatment incorporated into an experiment with the intention that it have no effects on the experimental system like those expected of the independent variable. Drug that attaches to a receptor, does not initiate an action, but blocks an agonist from producing an effect; drug that binds to a receptor and interferes with other drugs or substances from producing a drug effect. Parameters in one experiment (stimulus strength, for example) might well be independent variables in another. The idea of half-life is legitimately applied only to the case of a drug eliminated from body fluid according to the laws of first-order reaction kinetics. Mental state of excitement, hyperactivity, and excessive elevation of mood. Fatty degeneration of arteries due to accumulation of cholesterol plaques; accumulation of fatty deposits in the walls of arteries. Condition usually in women in which body and facial hair is excessive. A glycoprotein hormone produced in pregnancy to maintain progesterone production. Anemia in which RBCs are normal size and usually contain normal hemoglobin but are insufficient to carry adequate oxygen to the tissues; low RBC count. Requirement of repeated drug consumption in order to prevent onset of withdrawal symptoms. a is used as a subscript … An arrhythmia caused by administration of an antiarrhythmic drug. Part of the brainstem that regulates functions such as body temperature, water balance, appetite, and the pituitary gland; center of the brain that influences mood, motivation, and the perception of pain. A functional disorder of the colon with abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, diarrhea. for drugs eliminated according to first-order kinetics do not obtain for drugs eliminated by zero-order kinetics: Cmax for “zero-order drugs” does not approach Css,max as an asymptote; for zero-order drugs, Cmax increases progressively without limit with each dose, when equal doses are administered at equal intervals. Cf. Risk management is the effort to reduce the likelihood that a hazard will produce harm. The use of reference standards is of particularly great importance to the design and interpretation of biological experiments. Substance dissolved in a solvent; usually present in a lesser amount. A patient may require more than one kind of therapy at a given time, or in the course of his/her disease. See also Desensitization, Tolerance. Home \ courses. Placing a drug on the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane (for example, mouth, rectum). Drug that blocks the action of histamine at the target organ. liters. Pharmacotherapeutics is the study of the use of drugs in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease states. A thin membrane enclosing a striated (skeletal) muscle fiber. Inhibition of automatic responses controlled by the medulla, such as breathing or cardiac function. A stimulator of cell growth and proliferation. A B; absorption: process by which medications are taken into the body: adverse effect: undesired, potentially harmful side effects of drugs: agonist: drug that binds to a … Preparation of a drug, usually for intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, that is intended to leach out from the site of injection slowly so that the duration of drug action is prolonged. Accumulation of nitrogen waste materials (for example, urea) in the blood. Search Textbook Autosuggest Results. of the drug in the system. The estrogen and progestin amounts released may vary during the cycle. Hormone from adrenal medulla that stimulates adrenergic receptors, especially during stress – elevated in dangerous circumstances, such as. An enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine. Pharmacogenetic studies illuminate many intraspecific and interspecific similarities, and differences in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms. Articles and information about medicine, nursing, pharmacology, and other health fields, as well as JH medical libraries and institutions. Refers to drugs (cholinergic) that mimic stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. Type of tablet or pill with a coating that enables it to pass through the stomach without being dissolved, so the stomach lining will not be irritated; the drug is then released in the intestine. High levels of insulin in the blood often associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Definition of Clinical pharmacology in the Definitions.net dictionary. Risk, calculated as described, also indicates the probability that any individual subject in the population at risk experienced the event. The graphical representation of the relationship – for a given drug and a given biological system – between concentration (or dose) and latency or latent period: the period of time elapsing between the time the dose is administered and the time a given effect is produced. Pharmakon – drug, and Logos – word) is the study of drugs in all their aspects. Pharmacologically active substance obtained from the marijuana plant. Disease of the coronary arteries that decreases blood flow to the heart; narrowing of small arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart; condition due to atherosclerosis and insufficient blood flow to the heart. Idiosyncratic Response, Toxic Effects, Allergic Response. State of unconsciousness plus neuroleptanalgesia produced by the combined administration of nitrous oxide, fentanyl, and droperidol. Refers to venous return, the amount of blood returning to the heart that must be pumped. Single-celled microorganisms, some of which cause disease. In the female stimulates the development of the follicles, and in the male stimulates spermatogenesis. Anemia caused by defective functioning of the blood-forming organs (bone marrow). Ability of a substance to produce many different biological responses. 51. adj., adj pharmacolog´ic. Symbolized by Vd. Specific tissue where a hormone exerts its action. Ocular fluid; watery substance that is located behind the cornea of the eye and in front of the lens. The standardized safety margin indicates by what percentage of itself a dose effective in virtually all (99%) of a population must be exceeded in order to produce a lethal effect in a minimum number (1%) in the population. measures by what factor an effective dose must be increased to produce a standard lethal effect in a population. Drugs are defined as chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms; medicines are drugs used … Condition in which an individual’s tissues are damaged by his or her own immune mechanisms. Drug that blocks the alpha-1 effects of NE and EPI. A quantitative measurement of the mineral content of bone; used as an indicator of the structural strength of the bone. Microorganism capable of causing disease only when the resistance (immunocompetence) of the host is impaired. Condition in which the body requires a substance (drug) not normally found in the body in order to avoid symptoms associated with withdrawal, or the abstinence syndrome. In the supersensitive subject, the actions of the drug are qualitatively like those observed in a subject of normal sensitivity, and unlike those produced in a subject who is hypersensitive to the drug. The Nursing Process and Pharmacology 5. The most serious arrhythmia; usually a terminal event where ventricular contractions are no longer able to effectively pump blood. Generalized seizure characterized by fullbody tonic and clonic motor convulsions and loss of consciousness. 19 Questions . Infection acquired as a result of being in a hospital. Undergraduate 1. (Recollect the shape of the velocity – substrate concentration curve.) Substance released from mast cells and white blood cells during inflammatory and allergic reactions. Organism in an immature stage of development. Therapeutic Index, Median Effective Dose, Selectivity, Clinical Therapeutic Index. Specifically, precision is computed in several steps. Ratio of the LD50 to the ED50 in animal studies. Situations or conditions when a certain drug should not be administered. Sensitivity, Dose-Effect Curve, Intrinsic Activity, Bioassay, Equipotent. Selectivity can be measured or described by means of such numbers as the Therapeutic Index, or the Standardized Safety Margin: not infrequently one wishes to express selectivity of drug action with respect to two potentially beneficial effects, or two potentially toxic doses, or two toxic doses, instead of one each. Ability to keep a patient safely in Stage III of anesthesia. For a meaningful estimate of risk (following exposure of subjects to some hazard), it is necessary to have carefully defined the harm that was done, to have characterized the population at risk, and to have specified the conditions of exposure. Condition in which monthly menstruation (menses) no longer occurs. A small membrane-bound structure in the axon terminals of nerve cells that contains neurotransmitters and releases them when an action potential reaches the terminal. Median Effective Dose, Sensitivity, Potency. A protein that is attached to a second molecule that is not a protein. Drug that inhibits skeletal muscle contraction by blocking conduction within the spinal cord. A type of cell formed after macrophages in the artery wall digest LDL cholesterol; a transformed macrophage. Ordinarily, the relationship between changes in behavior of the indicator and differences in drug dose – (a dose-effect curve) – must be determined as a part of each assay. When drugs (substances) produce the same intensity or spectrum of activity; usually, the absolute amount of drug (for example, 5, 10 mg) that produces the response is different for each substance, but the response generated is the same. A simplified model of receptor activation by agonists. The pooled deviation of observed from expected values of output, all divided by the amplification, yields the “index of precision”. Refers to cancer drugs that act in all phases of the cell cycle. It emerged as a major area in American medicine largely due to the efforts of John Jacob Abel (1857- 1938) who stressed the importance of chemistry in medicine, did research on the endocrine glands, first isolated epinephrine … The purposes of the Pharmacopoeia, as described in the Preface to the first edition in 1820 by Dr. Jacob Bigelow, are to : The volume of distribution of a drug; the size of the “compartment” into which a drug apparently has been distributed following absorption.